Showing posts with label Nationalism. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Nationalism. Show all posts

Thursday, May 6, 2021

All Nations Means...ALL

 

Thursday, May 6, 2021

And now the Lord speaks—the one who formed me in my mother’s womb to be his servant, who commissioned me to bring Israel back to him.  The Lord has honored me, and my God has given me strength.  He says, “You will do more than restore the people of Israel to me.  I will make you a light to the Gentiles, and you will bring my salvation to the ends of the earth.”  Isaiah 49: 5 – 6
And through your descendants all the nations of the earth will be blessed—all because you have obeyed me.”  Genesis 22: 18

From the moment of original sin in the Garden of Eden God promised a Messiah would come to take away our sin[1].  In promises of blessing God made to Adam, Abraham, Noah, and others, He made promises to individuals, but extended their blessing throughout the nations; ALL the nations.  The culmination of the meaning of ALL nations is when God spoke to the apostle Peter in Acts 10.  Peter is given a vision of a sheet, held by angels at its four corners, the “four corners of the Earth” attaching a complete, or universal application.  In the sheet are all sorts of animals that were forbidden to Jews for meat.  The Lord tells Peter to satisfy his appetite; Peter cringes in repulsion at being told to eat the unclean animals (when actually he is cringing over putting aside a lifetime of obedience to a dietary law his peers saw as critical).  God finishes off Peter’s reluctance with a simple sentence:  Don’t call something unclean if I [God] have made it clean.

For Peter (and us) that one moment leveled the playing field where heritage arrogance is concerned.  Suddenly there is no Jew or Gentile, no savage or civilized, no male or female[2], and the line between East and West is a distant memory.  With one sentence God wipes out the justification for racism, sexism, nationalism, or elitist attitudes of any kind; all the “isms” lose their juice, and we are left with what Paul said in Galatians 3:28, that we are one in Christ Jesus.  Peter’s mind, life, and future have just turned on a dime, and we are back to the basics of one promise for all peoples:  God will save!

For You Today

If this whole thought, that we have One God, One Creator, who made One Race, and has provided One Messiah to eradicate the ONE PROBLEM we all have (of sin), does not cause anyone to simply say ONE Word of thanks – a hearty Amen would do – then somewhere along the line thoughts of Who God is, and what He’s offering to ALL people has gone off the tracks.

The good news is, He is willing to help anyone get back on the rails and travel on in His ride to Heaven’s glory.  Just ask.

You chew on that as you hit the Rocky Road; have a blessed day!  

[1] Title Image: Damzow via Wikimedia Commons   Unless noted, Scripture quoted from The New Living Translation©


[1] Read Genesis 3

[2] Note Paul’s characterization of this in Galatians 3:28

Friday, August 18, 2017

alt-Center

Friday, August 18, 2017
Never pay back evil with more evil…Don’t let evil conquer you, but conquer evil by doing good.  Romans 12:17, 21(NLT)
Our Shih-Tzu, Wellington the Wonder dog takes out his hostility on his toys.  Whenever he is frustrated, or if we have missed his feeding time by 18 seconds, the little monster heads for the toy box and throws them everywhere.  He will grab one, shake it and hurl it like an Olympic javelin champion.  His toys end up all over the room, and he just won’t put them away when his “fit” is done.  Picking up the toys is what his slaves (Mrs. Preacher and I) must do. 
What Wellie does after the carnage is done is rest his weary body. 
Anger does that to all of God’s creatures; it wears us out!  And with due respect to all that is holy and right, it doesn’t make a whole lot of difference which side of an argument you choose; anger is going to wear you out. 
In this country we have watched anger and its expressions of violence break out like volcanic explosions.  In Charlottesville this past week the (so-called) alt-Right ultra conservatives, neo-Nazis and white supremacists came face to face with the (so-called) alt-Left, anti-fascist liberals[2]; the clash of these groups’ anger resulted in three dead and 20 more injured, and un-ending news coverage and political wrangling.
I will not presume to hold-forth a solution to the woes of a nation divided as we are; I’m not that clever (or that stupid).  This is as complex as it gets.  
This morning I would simply offer a comment on the nature of how our culture’s mood has (and is) missing the mark by a wide margin.  Scripture shows us alt-Good and its evil twin alt-Evil.
David’s Psalm suggested an alt-good national mood:
How wonderful and pleasant it is when brothers live together in harmony!  Psalm 133:1(NLT)
Paul’s statement on human nature reveals the alt-Evil fly in harmony’s ointment:
And “don’t sin by letting anger control you.”  Ephesians 4:26a(NLT)
When anger enters the picture the body count grows.  All you have to do is look at Wellie’s toys to figure that out!  Our national sin is the anger, vitriol, and violence thrown at each other like water on a grease fire; it won’t cease raging…ever!  And with that image comes a cry for some kind of hope…how can we put out the fires of our discontent? 
There is no easy answer to that…certainly not in a three minute devotional thought.  But there is a direction today’s scripture from Genesis suggests:
Joseph named his second son Ephraim, for he said, “God has made me fruitful in this land of my grief.”  Genesis 41:52(NLT)
Joseph was ripped violently from his homeland, sold into slavery by his brothers, falsely accused by his owner’s wife of rape, betrayed by people he’d helped, and yet remained without anger.  He named his son Ephraim – fruitfulness in grief.  This is much like Paul’s statement to the church at Philippi: 
…for I have learned how to be content with whatever I have.  Philippians 4:11(NLT)
In the worst and best circumstances of his life Joseph celebrated being useful in the conditions life threw at him. 
And now look to the best example; in the midst of extreme hatred and undeserved evil, there was One who gave his life on a cross to make a way of reconciliation with God for those who despised him most.

For You Today

We all need to remember, and spread the word, that anger never resolves injustice; rather it clouds the issue at best, and, at worst, results in the carnage of retaliation, blood, and death.
You chew on that as you hit the Rocky Road…have a blessed day!



[1] Title Image: Courtesy Pixabay.com & Russell Brownworth (own work)
[2] For definitions of alt-Right & alt-Left see NY Times article

Friday, August 4, 2017

According to Purpose

Friday, August 4, 2017
The Lord says, “People of Israel, you are my servants.  People of Jacob, I chose you.  You are from the family of my friend Abraham.  I took you from places far away on the earth and called you from a faraway country.  I said, ‘You are my servants.’  I have chosen you and have not turned against you.  So don’t worry, because I am with you.  Don’t be afraid, because I am your God.  I will make you strong and will help you; I will support you with my right hand that saves you.  Isaiah 41:8-10(NCV)
God’s promise to Abraham was this: “At the right time I will return, and Sarah will have a son.”  And that is not all.  Rebekah’s sons had the same father, our father Isaac.  But before the two boys were born, God told Rebekah, “The older will serve the younger.”  This was before the boys had done anything good or bad.  God said this so that the one chosen would be chosen because of God’s own plan.  He was chosen because he was the one God wanted to call, not because of anything he did.   Romans 9:9-12(NCV)
In a recent article my friend and fellow UMC pastor, Drew McIntyre, made the point that Christians who are not careful about it can fall into the trap of patriotism gone bad!  This is a condition that occurs when being patriotic (loving your country, because there is an intrinsic goodness in its DNA, such as fairness, justice, and lofty goals, only achievable by self-sacrifice and mercy) turns to nationalism (using the power of a strong government for selfish reasons).   
Now, that’s my description of the point; here’s how Drew put it:
Our job as Christians is not, first, to make history turn out right.  Let us be known, first, for whose we are, not what we stand against.[ii]
Both Isaiah and the apostle Paul underscore the point that God is not interested in our politics per se; God is rather, working all things together for good(Romans 8:28) that agree with His divine plan, not according to the Republican or Democratic Party platform.
To be a follower of Jesus Christ often means we are called to swim upstream against the rushing water of nationalism, or any other kind of ism that would try to co-opt the faith which was once delivered to the saints(Jude 1:3).
The heavyweight slugfest we are witnessing in the arenas of the American democratic process are at once unsettling, disheartening, unraveling to the peace, uncharitable, disingenuous, arrogant and selfishly dismantling any reason for respect in public discourse.  To the Resolute Desk to the Seats of Congress, Fox and CNN, may I say, Ladies and Gentlemen…breathe…please!  Just BREATHE!  Take a deep breath away from the vitriol, accusations and childishness; the answer to the problem of mudslinging is not more mud
Godly purpose is never served well with evil deportment!  That is not to say God cannot accomplish His purpose, even in the face of evil people and behavior, but should we adopt evil as our methodology for Christ’s mission…or even civil government?  I think not, and neither did Paul:
Well then, should we keep on sinning so that God can show us more and more of his wonderful grace?  Romans 6:1(NLT)
If America is to continue (or perhaps more accurately regain) being worthy of patriotic support, it is time to quit all this nationalistic pride and look once again to choosing the way of the cross.

For You Today

Today I’d like to let my colleague, Drew McIntyre have the last word:
Stick to Jesus.  Let him, not your love for or hatred of any Caesar, be your guide.[iii]
You chew on that as you hit the Rocky Road…have a blessed day!
NOTES

[i] Title Image: By Dinesh Valke from Thane, India, via Wikimedia Commons
[iii] Ibid.

Wednesday, March 15, 2017

Catch and Release

Wednesday, March 15, 2017
Jesus returned to the Mount of Olives, but early the next morning he was back again at the Temple.  A crowd soon gathered, and he sat down and taught them.  As he was speaking, the teachers of religious law and the Pharisees brought a woman who had been caught in the act of adultery.  They put her in front of the crowd.  “Teacher,” they said to Jesus, “this woman was caught in the act of adultery.  The law of Moses says to stone her.  What do you say?”  They were trying to trap him into saying something they could use against him, but Jesus stooped down and wrote in the dust with his finger.  They kept demanding an answer, so he stood up again and said, “All right, but let the one who has never sinned throw the first stone!”  Then he stooped down again and wrote in the dust.  When the accusers heard this, they slipped away one by one, beginning with the oldest, until only Jesus was left in the middle of the crowd with the woman.  Then Jesus stood up again and said to the woman, “Where are your accusers?  Didn’t even one of them condemn you?”  “No, Lord,” she said.  And Jesus said, “Neither do I.  Go and sin no more.”   John 8:1-11(NLT)

The woman was caught in the jaws of the Law; the last thing she expected was to be released without at least being beaten and humiliated.  There was a beating, but it was her accusers who took the blows.  Many people have speculated over what Jesus wrote in the sand.  A popular guess is that he wrote the sins of the woman’s accusers in the dust.  It was just too much for them to bear the weight of being revealed as unworthy to accuse the woman, so they slinked away in shame.

This snapshot of Jesus exercising intense wisdom and authority may have only taken about 5 minutes to play-out in real time.  But it has had its lasting effects on every part of our history and culture.  Even where Christ is hardly an afterthought, people understand the weight of he who is without sin casting the first stone.

Re-reading the passage again this morning brought thoughts of the current debate over immigration.  I know; I know…this is a particularly controversial subject right now, and I also know the woman caught in adultery wasn’t an immigrant.  But she was clearly breaking custom and the law of the land.  Those who brought her to be judged by Jesus had the full weight of the culture and its rules behind their accusation.  Their problem however went much deeper than whether they were within the rules; their hearts were black with self-righteousness and manipulative hatred.  They had no compassion, and, worse, were only using the woman as a pawn to set a trap for Jesus.  Their actions were, at the least, self-absorbed selfishness, and, at worst, bordering on sociopathic cruelty.  They “caught” an adulteress; Jesus “released” her with new hope.

My early morning brain-wandering led me to stand near Jesus and see what he might be writing in the sand about our current stew concerning those who have transgressed American laws by sneaking across the border.  Looking into the dust, with my mind’s eye I saw Jesus write “Plymouth Rock” and I thought of people who were escaping their homeland’s persecution for freedom, and whose descendants would eventually persecute those Native American people who first greeted them at a place with no border.  Can we see the word “hypocrite” written at Jesus’ feet?

I know; I know…its different today, border security, jobs, culture, law and order, and every other rationalization we can imagine.  There is a case to be made for all of that!  It’s just that somewhere along the line we have to do some critical thinking about what we do, and upon which side of the circle we will stand when it comes to being our brother’s keeper, or, like Cain, our brother’s destroyer. 

For You Today

Well, actually, for me, today…and you, if you will.  The question I most want to answer in my own mind today is:  What is more important, our American way of life…or being Christ-like?  I’m pretty certain the two are not one and the same.
You chew on that as you hit the Rocky Road…have a blessed day!
NOTES

Title image: By Gustave Doré [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Sunday, March 13, 2016

Retracing Wesley #8 - Out of the Kettle; Into the Fire - Acts 4:23-31 & Galatians 5:19-23


VIDEO


As soon as they were freed, Peter and John returned to the other believers and told them what the leading priests and elders had said.  When they heard the report, all the believers lifted their voices together in prayer to God:  “O Sovereign Lord, Creator of heaven and earth, the sea, and everything in them—you spoke long ago by the Holy Spirit through our ancestor David, your servant, saying,
‘Why were the nations so angry?
    Why did they waste their time with futile plans?
The kings of the earth prepared for battle; the rulers gathered together against the Lord and against his Messiah.’
“In fact, this has happened here in this very city!  For Herod Antipas, Pontius Pilate the governor, the Gentiles, and the people of Israel were all united against Jesus, your holy servant, whom you anointed.  But everything they did was determined beforehand according to your will.  And now, O Lord, hear their threats, and give us, your servants, great boldness in preaching your word.  Stretch out your hand with healing power; may miraculous signs and wonders be done through the name of your holy servant Jesus.”  After this prayer, the meeting place shook, and they were all filled with the Holy Spirit. Then they preached the word of God with boldness.  Acts 4:23-31(NLT)

In our retracing of Wesley’s favored Scripture texts, last time we investigated Ephesians 5:14 about the sleepy, complacent frog languishing long enough to cook in the kettle – an analogy of the sleepy church, slowly dying, complacent, unwilling to awaken, arise and move out for God.

Today we want to follow-up with what happens if a frog-church decides to change and hops-out of the kettle to serve God; often we find we’ve jumped right in the fire!  That fire is the opposition of the world’s culture.

John Wesley’s sermon on this text, where all the disciples were filled with the Holy Ghost gives us the picture of a church on fire for Christ, preaching the word of God with power!  They left the kettle and became God’s torch, filled with the Spirit of the living God.  And they set ablaze their generation with the holiness of heaven. 

At various times they faced the fire under the kettle; they would find themselves thrown in jail, swimming against the tide of “mainstream” culture.  Some were thrown in the arena with lions, or had their heads placed on chopping blocks.  It’s no wonder our lazy, sleepy frog preferred that nice warm kettle.

It’s interesting to note that in his sermon Wesley set aside what he called all the usual and curious, needless inquiries concerning the more exotic gifts of the Spirit, and rather honed-in on what purpose God had for the ordinary fruits….mercy, humbleness of mind, gentleness, long-suffering.[2] 

For John Wesley, being filled with the Spirit did not mean acting weird and speaking in an unknown tongue.  Rather, a full measure of being controlled by the Spirit of God meant using the ordinary fruits of kind, uplifting maturity to speak a word of truth in a generation of empty promises.

Rather than beat the air for an hour or so in a meaningless exercise of preaching with his head in heaven’s clouds, John Wesley wanted to be practical; he wanted to give down-to-earth advice for Christians who had to live life in the real world.  I’d like to do the same this morning. 

I want to frame what we say about being a “Scriptural Christian” AND what it means to be a good citizen while living in a culture that has forgotten what it means to be either a good citizen or serious follower of Christ Jesus.

A Disclaimer


The context for what I will say is the national election process, and my disclaimer is that I am not about to tell you for whom you should vote. 

This is primarily because I don’t know anything more about the real story behind the candidates than you do; frankly, none of us is privy to knowing what really happened with Hillary’s emails, Benghazi, Whitewater, charging for overnights in the Lincoln room, or foreign campaign and Presidential Library contributions. 

Neither are we on the inside about The Donald’s Trump University fraud class-action suit, his bottom-line financial status or whether his hands are the right size for someone with a massive comb-over. 

You and I all have our opinions about such things as border walls, immigrants, terrorists and waterboarding…not to mention abortion and homosexuality.  These are all issues with which we must wrestle and seek God’s truth in Scripture, tradition, reason and experience.  I know where I stand on each of these; I know what the United Methodist Church teaches, and I know what the candidates have said about each of these.

I’m not standing here today to rehash any of that; you can watch endless hours of CNN or Fox coverage on the debates and find out far more than you ever wanted to know about each niggling point.

So…let’s be clear…I am not here to tell you what to do about the issues that are on the table…but I must say something about what kind of person a Scriptural Christian chooses as a leader, and ask you to think about it as you vote.  First – who DOES NOT get a Scriptural Christian’s vote:

Who are DISQUALIFIED LEADERS?


When you follow the desires of your sinful nature, the results are very clear: sexual immorality, impurity, lustful pleasures, idolatry, sorcery, hostility, quarreling, jealousy, outbursts of anger, selfish ambition, dissension, division, envy, drunkenness, wild parties, and other sins like these.  Let me tell you again, as I have before, that anyone living that sort of life will not inherit the Kingdom of God.    Galatians 5:19-21(NLT)

When you look at that very long list of undesirable qualities it should raise huge red flags in the minds of Scriptural Christian voters.  Being on that list should disqualify a candidate as choice for leading a moral, God-pleasing government; the whole process screams for a write-in, rather than choose anyone currently offered by the Democrats or Republicans.

One characteristic that stands out above all the others is quarreling.  Every debate, both blue and red have been as contentious as your average back alley dog fight.  The outbursts of anger, hostility, implied threats and backbiting negative television ads leave me nauseated and uninspired – to say the least! 

What’s odd here is that ALL the candidates profess to be either Christian, or Jewish, which indicates none of them pay attention to the governing Scriptural admonitions of their faith.  Accusing another believer of acts such as lying, stealing, incompetence, immorality and negligence of sacred duty in front of a worldwide audience is forbidden for people of Judeo-Christian faith.[3]

Another characteristic high on the list is idolatry.  People in love with their accomplishments are idolaters; they worship themselves!  Whether it is building resorts or coalitions to promote abortion, bragging about what great movements you’ve built is a lot like what Nimrod said about building a tower in Babel [4]as a monument to his greatness; God wasn’t pleased!

And, finally, drunkenness and wild parties kind of characterize politics these days.  A political rally these days looks more and more like teenagers in Daytona Beach during spring break!

So, we’ve talked about who isn’t qualified; now let’s see who is qualified?

Who are QUALIFIED LEADERS?


But the Holy Spirit produces this kind of fruit in our lives: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control.  There is no law against these things!  Galatians 5:22-23(NLT)

The apostle holds up example of the fruit of the Holy Spirit and says that there isn’t any law against any of it.  And well there shouldn’t be! 

Take a moment to think about the ten people you’d most like to hang out with – would they be among the first list of quarreling, selfish, angry, quick-tempered, overly ambitious…or the second:  kind, faithful, gentle, patient, and with all their energies and personal self-control working well?

The best leaders, the ones who truly have in mind and on the front burner serving the people who elected them come from that second group.  That second group would never for a moment consider tapping into your fears and weaknesses to exploit you into voting for them.  Rather they would talk unceasingly about the right and honorable thing to do, and encourage you to humbly consider helping them lift our nation, state, county or city government towards a more noble way of life. 

They wouldn’t push to make America great, or make every empty promise they can to get elected; they would seek to honor the eternal purposes of our Creator who made us in His image, by inspiring us to seek what is best for all people!

And now, dear brothers and sisters, one final thing.  Fix your thoughts on what is true, and honorable, and right, and pure, and lovely, and admirable.  Think about things that are excellent and worthy of praise.  Philippians 4:8(NLT)

I know the candidates have to express their views on the issues we face; that is what government is supposed to do.  However, when they do that, is there anything noble, pure, admirable, true and lovely about the way they do it?  That’s a qualified candidate!

Who is DISQUALIFIED…Who is QUALIFIED…and One last Question:

What’s in the Heart of the VOTER?


Placing nationalism (which includes being a good citizen of America) over Christianity (which is being a good citizen of that city not made with hands), is idolatry.  And idolatry in any form invites the wrath of God.

You can be good citizens of both your country AND your Christ – but you cannot serve two masters; you must choose one

If you choose American nationalism – making America your god, then, in this election it does not matter which candidate for whom you vote. 

However, if you will be a citizen of Heaven, you must choose to align with Jesus.  And that means choosing someone who places character above ambition, and godliness above the polls. 

Can you do that with the choices you now see being offered by the Democrats or Republicans?

What to Do?


I can’t tell you what to do, or for whom to vote; I can only tell you what I’m going to do.

I’m going to pray between now and November that God will raise up someone full of the Spirit and godly to the core. 

I’m going to pray every day that God will give this person favor with all the people and propel him or her into the arena, and that, once elected, he or she will be able to lead us in a revival of actually doing and being what’s been on our coins for many decades: 

ONE NATION UNDER GOD!

In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit!


[1] Title Images: Oliver Spalt, via Wikimedia Commons
[2]Scriptural Christianity, John Wesley, ©1999 by the Wesley Center for Applied Theology. Text may be freely used for personal or scholarly purposes or mirrored on other web sites, provided this notice is left intact. Any use of this material for commercial purposes of any kind is strictly forbidden without the express permission of the Wesley Center at Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, ID 83686. Contact the Webmaster for permission.
[3] See Romans 6 and others.
[4] Genesis 11

Thursday, December 17, 2015

Who Will Save America?

 [1]
Thursday, December 17, 2015
Please listen, O Shepherd of Israel, you who lead Joseph’s descendants like a flock.  O God, enthroned above the cherubim, display your radiant glory to Ephraim, Benjamin, and Manasseh.  Show us your mighty power. Come to rescue us!
Turn us again to yourself, O God.  Make your face shine down upon us. Only then will we be saved.
O Lord God of Heaven’s Armies, how long will you be angry with our prayers?  You have fed us with sorrow and made us drink tears by the bucketful.  You have made us the scorn of neighboring nations.  Our enemies treat us as a joke.
Turn us again to yourself, O God of Heaven’s Armies.  Make your face shine down upon us. Only then will we be saved.     Psalm 80:1-7(NLT)
Tuesday night I watched the GOP debates – the first hour warm-up with four candidates that are all pretty much “done” – and then the hours-long war with the front runners. 

The moderator (CNN’s Wolf Blitzer) and others asked questions (there were even some video questions via Facebook™), and then the candidates smiled and mostly didn’t answer the questions; they mostly stuck to their talking points – passionately, repeatedly, and maddenly!

Now, I may have missed it (I went to bed around the start of the third hour), but nowhere in all of the questions did I hear anything close to the truth of the Psalmist’s prayer…Turn us again to yourself, O God of Heaven’s Armies.  Make your face shine down upon us.  Only then will we be saved. (Psalm 80:7NLT)

There were lots of questions about war strategy, about taking down ISIS and who is going to pay for the cost of it all.  There was lots of posturing about temperament, presidential swagger and making America great. 

But I heard nothing for America’s dilemma approaching what the Psalmist knew about Israel of oldunless God chooses so, no nation can endure.  And the fact is, God rarely chooses to sustain nations that do not choose God. 

There was a lot of talk about presidential power and military might from the candidates; there was little humility before God (or man for that matter).  I fear we might be drowning in our own political arrogance!

I’m not running for anything; never really had any great storehouse of political savvy, or inclination towards political intrigue; I’m just not hard-wired towards the political arena. In fact, I detest most of it to the point that I watch political debates with one hand wrapped around a bottle of Pepto Bismol™ to settle my stomach. 

So what’s the point here?

The point is that our nation constantly attempts to get back our greatness by electing the next great savior.  We never seem to learn the lesson that praying at the altar of Bush, Obama, Trump or any of the other candidates is misplaced. 

The Psalmist nailed it over and over….ONLY then will we be saved.  He was talking about the kind of revival that does not include waving American flags and congratulating ourselves on being the biggest, best, baddest or whatever.  When it comes to our infrastructure, superstructure and just plain existence as a nation, we hang like a spider over an open flame (to quote Jonathan Edwards).  And it’s only by a single strand of faith that we stand, connected to God.  What we’ve consistently done in America is stretch that strand by overloading our pockets and ignoring the God Who gave us our freedom and blessing.

According to the best guess, borne of research[2], Alexis de Tocqueville never said it, nor did he write it, but these lines were never truer:

America is great because she is good, and if America ever ceases to be good, she will cease to be great.

For You Today


There are a lot of candidates out there; will you choose one who serves popular opinion, or one who has a heart to serve God?

You chew on that out on the Rocky Road today…and have a joy-filled and blessed day!



[1] Title image:  By Angelgfg12345 (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons
[2] John Piney Jr, The Tocqueville Fraud, The Free Republic